As a new teacher, I tried to cram everything into every lesson. 40 slides, 3 handouts, 2 videos. Students glazed over. That’s when I learned about cognitive load theory [1].
What Is Cognitive Load Theory?
Cognitive Load Theory (CLT), proposed by John Sweller (1988), is grounded in the fact that human working memory is limited [1]. According to Miller (1956), working memory can only process about 7±2 units of information at once [2].
See also: working memory and ADHD
Related: exercise for longevity
3 Types of Cognitive Load
- Intrinsic load — the inherent complexity of the learning material itself
- Extraneous load — unnecessary load caused by poor instructional design
- Germane load — productive load that contributes to schema formation
Good instruction minimizes extraneous load and optimizes germane load [1].
Classroom Applications: 5 Principles
1. Segmenting
Break complex content into smaller units. Mayer & Chandler (2001) showed that segmented learning produces significantly higher retention than continuous learning [3].
2. Eliminating Redundancy
Don’t present the same information in both text and audio simultaneously. Choose one.
3. Contiguity
Place related information close together in space and time. Put graphs and their explanations on the same slide.
4. Worked Examples
For beginners, showing the solution process is more effective than having them solve problems independently. Demonstrated by Sweller & Cooper (1985) [4].
5. Fading
Start by showing a complete solution, then gradually leave steps blank for students to fill in.
Cognitive Load Management for a Teacher with ADHD
For me — a teacher with ADHD — cognitive load theory applies not just to lesson design but to self-management as well. One thing at a time, keep the environment simple, reduce choices.
Disclaimer: This article is for educational and informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider with any questions about a medical condition.
Your Next Steps
- Today: Pick one idea from this article and try it before bed tonight.
- This week: Track your results for 5 days — even a simple notes app works.
- Next 30 days: Review what worked, drop what didn’t, and build your personal system.
Last updated: 2026-03-16
About the Author
Written by the Rational Growth editorial team. Our health and psychology content is informed by peer-reviewed research, clinical guidelines, and real-world experience. We follow strict editorial standards and cite primary sources throughout.
References
- Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive load during problem solving. Cognitive Science, 12(2), 257-285.
- Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven. Psychological Review, 63(2), 81-97.
- Mayer, R. E., & Chandler, P. (2001). When learning is just a click away. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(2), 390-397.
- Sweller, J., & Cooper, G. A. (1985). The use of worked examples. Cognition and Instruction, 2(1), 59-89.